Water demands are increasing most rapidly in developing counties, yet the financial resources to provide the services often fall short. In arid countries like Botswana the cost of water will increase tremendously due to new longer pipelines. So the search for water-less technologies is most needed for the poor. Existing sources of water will become depleted unless new ideas are forthcoming. Surface dams will dry up with climate change. Groundwater levels are falling rapidly. Alternative water use technologies, eg waterless sanitation, and closed system recirculation to reduce evaporation need to be researched.